症状, 诊断 and 治疗 of Excessive Blood Clotting (Hypercoagulation)

Many factors can lead to excessive blood clotting, causing limited or blocked blood flow which can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms of excessive blood clotting depend on where the clots form.

• A blood clot in the heart or lungs could include symptoms such as 胸部疼痛, shortness of breath and upper body discomfort in the arms, back, neck or jaw, suggesting a 心脏病 或肺栓塞(PE).
• A blood clot in the brain could cause headaches, 语音变化, 瘫痪(不能移动), dizziness and trouble speaking or understanding speech, 提出一种可能 中风.
• A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg may create symptoms such as pain, 发红, 小腿发热肿胀, and could suggest deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or 外周动脉疾病(PAD). 

If you have signs or symptoms of a 心脏病, PE or 中风, call 911 right away. If you have signs or symptoms of DVT, call your health care professional right away. The cause of the blood clot needs to be found and treated as soon as possible.

诊断

If your health care professional thinks that you have excessive blood clotting, they will look for the cause of the condition by doing a physical exam.

Medical and family histories will also be reviewed in case you have a blood relative who has had:

• 凝血不正常或过度的凝血.
• A history of repeated blood clots 之前 age 40.
• Blood clots during pregnancy or while on birth control pills.
• 不明原因的流产.
• A history of excessive or unusual blood clots (such as in the veins in the liver or kidneys).

血液检查也将被检查. Initial blood tests will include a complete blood count and a platelet count. These tests measure the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood. Platelets are blood cell fragments that stick together to form clots.

Your health care professional may choose to do additional blood tests if more information is needed.

预防

While you can't prevent genetic causes of excessive blood clotting, you can take the following steps to reduce acquired risk factors:

• Treating conditions that can lead to excessive blood clotting, such as diabetes or heart and vascular diseases like PAD.
• 戒烟和减肥，如果需要的话.
• 避免服用含有雌激素的药物. Ask your health care professional about other safer options.
• 尽可能保持活跃. Moving your legs, flexing and stretching during long trips. 这有助于保持血液在小腿的流动.
• Taking medications your health care professional may prescribe such as 抗凝血剂, 或者血液稀释剂, 之前, during and/or after surgery or medical procedures to prevent excessive blood clotting.

治疗

Excessive blood clotting is treated with medicines, 但因为血凝块是危险的, 你可能需要紧急治疗.

The type of treatment you need depends on the size and location of the clot(s).

• 紧急救治 – Blood clots can damage the body, leading to serious problems, such as 中风, 心脏病, kidney failure, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. They can also cause miscarriages, stillbirths or pregnancy-related problems. Emergency treatment to prevent these problems often involves medicines called thrombolytics or "clot busters,“这可以迅速分解血块. These medicines can cause sudden bleeding so they're only used in life-threatening situations.
• 常规治疗 -在非紧急情况下 抗凝血剂, 或者“血液稀释剂”," are used to keep existing clots from getting larger and to prevent new clots from forming.
  • 华法令阻凝剂 是药丸形式的吗. (Coumadin®是一个常见的品牌名称.)
  • Heparin is given as a subcutaneous (under the skin) injection or through an IV tube. Your health care professional may treat you with both heparin and warfarin at the same time. 肝素作用迅速. 华法令阻凝剂 takes several days 之前 it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.

  直接作用口服抗凝剂, 或DOACs, are pills that may be used as an alternative to warfarin. Apixaban, betrixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and edoxaban are some of the DOACs available.